Basic Clinical Radiobiology 2017

How do cells die?

Type of death

Morphology Membrane

Biochemistry

Detec6on

Nucleus

Cytoplasm Fragmenta6on

Apoptosis

Chroma6n condensa6on Nuclear fragmenta6on

Blebbing

Caspase-­‐dependent

Electron microscopy

(Programmed I)

(Apopto6c bodies)

TUNEL

DNA laddering

DNA fragmenta6on Mitochondrial membrane poten6al Caspase ac6vity

Autophagy

Par6al chroma6n

Blebbing

Autophagic vesicles

Lysosomal ac6vity

Electron microscopy

(Programmed II)

condensa6on

Protein degrada6on Autophagosome membrane markers

Necrosis

Random DNA fragmenta6on

Rupture

Swelling

Electron microscopy Nuclear staining (loss) Tissue inflamma6on

(Programmed III)

DNA clumping

Vacuola6on

Organelle degenera6on Mitochondrial swelling

Senescence

Heterochroma6c foci

FlaOening Granularity

SA-­‐β-­‐gal ac6vity

Electron microscopy

SA-­‐β-­‐gal staining Prolifera6on, P-­‐pRB (loss) p53, INK4A, ARF (increased)

Mito6c catastrophe

Micronuclei

CDK1/cyclinB ac6va6on

Electron microscopy

Nuclear fragmenta6on

Mito6c markers (MPM2)