Lower GI 2017

CTV reduction: sphincter

Anal canal inclusion in CTV

incontinence

Anal canal in CTV

Y

N

p

incontinence 93% 65% 0.059

Inferior limit avoid anal sphincter and IRF when not invaded

DISTAL MARGIN from the tumor High mid-low entire mesorectum

T + 4 cm margin of mesorectum

Lange MM et al.Br J Surg 2007 Nijkamp et al IJROBP 2011 Bujiko Multidisciplinary Management of Rectal Cancer 2012