Radiobiology 2016

How do cells die?

Type of death

Morphology Membrane

Biochemistry

Detection

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Apoptosis

Chromatin condensation

Blebbing

Fragmentation

Caspase-dependent

Electron microscopy

(Programmed I)

Nuclear fragmentation

(Apoptotic bodies)

TUNEL

DNA laddering

DNA fragmentation Mitochondrial membrane potential

Caspase activity

Autophagy

Partial chromatin

Blebbing

Autophagic vesicles

Lysosomal activity

Electron microscopy

(Programmed II)

condensation

Protein degradation

Autophagosomemembranemarkers

Necrosis

RandomDNA fragmentation

Rupture

Swelling

Electron microscopy

(Programmed III)

DNA clumping

Vacuolation

Nuclear staining (loss)

Organelle degeneration

Tissue inflammation

Mitochondrial swelling

Senescence

Heterochromatic foci

Flattening

SA-β-gal activity

Electron microscopy

Granularity

SA-β-gal staining Proliferation, P-pRB (loss)

p53, INK4A, ARF (increased)

Mitotic catastrophe

Micronuclei

CDK1/cyclinB activation

Electron microscopy

Nuclear fragmentation

Mitotic markers (MPM2)