| paed bru 17 | 1 |
| L1.1 Epidemiology - DW | 1 |
| L1.2 Imaging in Medulloblastoma and ependymoma – TJ | 75 |
| L1.3 Ependymoma - general aspects - RDK | 145 |
| L1.4 Ependymoma - role of RT - BT | 202 |
| L1.5 Medulloblastoma - general aspects - RT | 279 |
| L1.6 Medulloblastoma - AP | 353 |
| L1.7 Normal CNS anatomy - TJ | 423 |
| L2.1 Chemotherapy in children - DW | 468 |
| L2.2 M. Hodgkin - role of RT - KD | 634 |
| L2.3 Rhabdomyosarcoma - general aspects and L2.4 Rhabdomyosarcoma -role of RT - AP | 694 |
| L2.5 Late effects non-CNS tumours - KD | 818 |
| L2.6 Ewing’s sarcoma I - Clinical features - UR | 884 |
| L2.7 Ewing’s sarcoma II -Treatment techniques - UR | 952 |
| L3.1 Nephroblastoma the COG concepts - AP | 1012 |
| L3.2 Nephroblastoma the SIOP concepts - RT | 1090 |
| L3.3 RT in Neuroblastoma - CC | 1143 |
| L3.4 IMRT in children - CC | 1194 |
| L3.5 Proton therapy in childhood tumours CNS - BT | 1235 |
| L3.6 Proton therapy in childhood tumours non-CNS - BT | 1295 |
| A1 The ESTRO School_Ricardi PROS | 1345 |
| C2.1 Case discussion - medulloblastoma - CV | 1377 |
| epend | 1414 |
| Ependymoma Merchant-intracranial-up-date-Lancet-2009-20-06-2009 | 1414 |
| Conformal radiotherapy after surgery for paediatric ependymoma: a prospective study | 1414 |
| Introduction | 1414 |
| Methods | 1415 |
| Patients | 1415 |
| Surgery and imaging follow-up | 1415 |
| Conformal radiotherapy | 1415 |
| Statistical analysis | 1415 |
| Role of the funding source | 1416 |
| Results | 1416 |
| Discussion | 1419 |
| Acknowledgments | 1421 |
| References | 1421 |
| Ependymoma-Andreiuolo-Integrating Tenascin-C protein expression-17.10.2017 | 1423 |
| Ependymoma-Conter-SFOP-hfx-ependymoma-29-09-2009 | 1440 |
| Intracranial Ependymomas in Children: Society of Pediatric Oncology Experience with Postoperative Hyperfractionated Local Radiotherapy | 1440 |
| Introduction | 1440 |
| Patients and Methods | 1441 |
| Patient eligibility | 1441 |
| Treatment characteristics | 1441 |
| Evaluation procedures | 1441 |
| Statistical analysis | 1441 |
| Results | 1441 |
| Study population | 1441 |
| Surgery | 1441 |
| Central radiologic review | 1442 |
| Radiotherapy | 1442 |
| PFS and OS | 1442 |
| Prognostic factors analysis | 1442 |
| Patterns of failure | 1442 |
| Long-term side effects | 1443 |
| Discussion | 1443 |
| Conclusion | 1445 |
| References | 1445 |
| Ependymoma-Grundy-UKCCSG-chemo-only | 1447 |
| Primary postoperative chemotherapy without radiotherapy for intracranial ependymoma in children: the UKCCSG/SIOP prospective study | 1447 |
| Introduction | 1447 |
| Methods | 1448 |
| Participants | 1448 |
| Procedures | 1448 |
| Assessment | 1449 |
| Statistical analysis | 1449 |
| Role of the funding source | 1450 |
| Results | 1450 |
| Discussion | 1453 |
| Acknowledgments | 1455 |
| References | 1455 |
| Ependymoma-MacDonald-proton therapy | 1457 |
| Proton Radiotherapy for Childhood Ependymoma: Initial Clinical Outcomes and Dose Comparisons | 1457 |
| Introduction | 1457 |
| Methods and Materials | 1458 |
| Patients | 1458 |
| Dosimetric comparisons | 1458 |
| Statistical analysis | 1458 |
| Ethical considerations | 1459 |
| Results | 1459 |
| Discussion | 1461 |
| References | 1464 |
| Ependymoma-MacDonald-proton-28-07-2008 | 1465 |
| Proton Radiotherapy for Childhood Ependymoma: Initial Clinical Outcomes and Dose Comparisons | 1465 |
| Introduction | 1465 |
| Methods and Materials | 1466 |
| Patients | 1466 |
| Dosimetric comparisons | 1466 |
| Statistical analysis | 1466 |
| Ethical considerations | 1467 |
| Results | 1467 |
| Discussion | 1469 |
| References | 1472 |
| Ependymoma-Massimino 2016 final results AIEOP-Protocol intracran. ependymoma 13.09.2017 | 1473 |
| Ependymoma-Massimino-hfx-AEIOP-SIOP | 1483 |
| HYPERFRACTIONATED RADIOTHERAPY AND CHEMOTHERAPY FOR CHILDHOOD EPENDYMOMA: FINAL RESULTS OF THE FIRST PROSPECTIVE AIEOP (ASSOCIAZIONE ITALIANA | 1483 |
| INTRODUCTION | 1484 |
| METHODS AND MATERIALS | 1484 |
| Patient eligibility | 1484 |
| Pathology review | 1484 |
| Surgery and staging | 1484 |
| Treatment regimens | 1485 |
| Statistical analyses | 1485 |
| RESULTS | 1485 |
| Patients | 1485 |
| Tumor location | 1485 |
| Extent of resection | 1486 |
| Histology | 1486 |
| Treatment feasibility and compliance | 1486 |
| Compliance in patients without residual tumor | 1486 |
| Compliance in patients with residual tumor | 1487 |
| Response to chemotherapy | 1487 |
| Chemotherapy toxicity | 1487 |
| Second-look surgery | 1487 |
| Overall survival and progression-free survival | 1487 |
| Survival analyses | 1487 |
| DISCUSSION | 1488 |
| REFERENCES | 1491 |
| Ependymoma-McGuire-intracranial-spinal-SEER-analysis-20-06-2009 | 1493 |
| Ependymoma-Merchant-intracranial-sites-review-20-06-2009 | 1498 |
| Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy for ependymoma | 1498 |
| Abstract | 1498 |
| Abstract | 1498 |
| Abstract | 1498 |
| Purpose | 1498 |
| Materials and methods | 1499 |
| Result | 1502 |
| IMRT | 1502 |
| FSRT | 1503 |
| SRS | 1503 |
| Craniospinal RT | 1503 |
| Conclusion | 1504 |
| References | 1504 |
| Ependymoma-Merchant-preliminary-3D-with neurocog- | 1506 |
| Ependymoma-Merchant-re-irradiation- | 1513 |
| A Retrospective Study of Surgery and Reirradiation for Recurrent Ependymoma | 1513 |
| Introduction | 1513 |
| Patients and Methods | 1513 |
| RT2 techniques | 1514 |
| Analysis | 1514 |
| Definitions | 1514 |
| Results | 1514 |
| Study group | 1514 |
| RT1: initial irradiation | 1515 |
| Failure after RT1 and treatment before RT2 | 1515 |
| RT2: radiosurgery | 1515 |
| RT2: FFRT | 1518 |
| RT2: CSI | 1519 |
| Discussion | 1520 |
| References | 1522 |
| Ependymoma-Pajtler-The current consensus on the clinical management-17.10.2017 | 1524 |
| The current consensus on the clinical management of intracranial ependymoma and its distinct molecular variants | 1524 |
| Abstract | 1524 |
| Introduction | 1525 |
| The utility of histologic grading of ependymoma in a molecular era | 1525 |
| Molecular subgroups of ependymal tumors in the central nervous system | 1526 |
| Clinical management of intracranial ependymoma in the context of molecular subgroups | 1527 |
| Model development and novel therapeutics | 1529 |
| Conclusions | 1529 |
| Acknowledgements | 1529 |
| References | 1530 |
| Ependymoma-Ramaswamy-ependymoma-new-molc-groups-survival-JCO-2016-20-06-2016 | 1532 |
| Therapeutic Impact of Cytoreductive Surgery and Irradiation of Posterior Fossa Ependymoma in the Molecular Era: A Retrospec ... | 1532 |
| INTRODUCTION | 1440 |
| METHODS | 1441 |
| RESULTS | 1441 |
| Demographics of Posterior Fossa Ependymoma Cohorts | 1441 |
| Subgroup Affiliation Is the Most Powerful Prognostic Marker for Posterior Fossa Ependymoma | 1441 |
| EPN_PFA Carries a Poor Prognosis Independent of Age at Diagnosis | 1441 |
| Surgical Cytoreduction of EPN_PFA Is Prognostic Independent of Subgroup | 1441 |
| Patients With GTR EPN_PFB Have an Excellent Prognosis | 1441 |
| DISCUSSION | 1443 |
| REFERENCES | 1540 |
| Acknowledgment | 1545 |
| Appendix | 1545 |
| Methods | 1545 |
| Ependymoma-Reni-review-17-04-2009 | 1555 |
| Ependymoma | 1555 |
| General information | 1556 |
| Definition | 1556 |
| Incidence | 1556 |
| Survival | 1556 |
| Aetiology and risk factors | 1556 |
| Pathology and biology | 1556 |
| Histopathology | 1556 |
| Myxopapillary ependymoma (WHO grade I) | 1557 |
| Subependymoma (WHO grade I) | 1557 |
| Ependymoma (WHO grade II) | 1557 |
| Anaplastic ependymoma (WHO grade III) | 1557 |
| Immunophenotype | 1557 |
| Immunophenotype | 1557 |
| Genetic features | 1557 |
| Genetic features | 1557 |
| Diagnosis | 1557 |
| Clinical presentation | 1557 |
| Localisation | 1557 |
| Diagnostic criteria | 1558 |
| Staging | 1558 |
| Staging procedures | 1558 |
| Staging system | 1558 |
| Restaging procedures | 1558 |
| Prognosis | 1558 |
| Natural history | 1558 |
| Prognostic factors | 1558 |
| Treatment | 1559 |
| Surgery | 1559 |
| Radiation therapy | 1559 |
| Chemotherapy | 1560 |
| Treatment of recurrent disease | 1560 |
| New active drugs and therapeutic options | 1560 |
| Late sequelae | 1561 |
| Long term sequelae | 1561 |
| Follow-up | 1561 |
| Follow up | 1561 |
| Acknowledgment | 1561 |
| References | 1561 |
| Ependymoma-spinal-canal-Akyurek-myxopapillary subtype | 1564 |
| Ependymoma-spinal-canal-Schild-Mayo-Clinic experience | 1571 |
| Ependymoma-spinal-canal-Wahab-postop-RT | 1577 |
| Long term outcome with post-operative radiation therapy for spinal canal ependymoma | 1577 |
| Abstract | 1577 |
| Introduction | 1577 |
| Methods and materials | 1578 |
| Results | 1578 |
| Discussion | 1579 |
| Conclusions | 1580 |
| Acknowledgement | 1580 |
| References | 1580 |
| Ependymoma-Taylor-review-doses-volumes-06-07-2009 | 1582 |
| Ependymoma-Timmermann-HIT91 | 1586 |
| Ependymoma-Timmermann-HIT-SKK | 1595 |
| Role of radiotherapy in anaplastic ependymoma in children under age of 3 years: Results of the prospective German brain tumor trials HIT-SKK 87 and 92 | 1595 |
| Materials and methods | 1595 |
| Patient eligibility | 1596 |
| Evaluation of disease | 1596 |
| Evaluation of toxicity and quality of life | 1596 |
| Treatment protocol | 1596 |
| Statistical considerations | 1597 |
| Results | 1597 |
| Patient population | 1597 |
| Treatment | 1598 |
| Survival | 1598 |
| Patterns of failure | 1598 |
| Late effects | 1598 |
| Prognostic factors | 1599 |
| Discussion | 1599 |
| Conclusion | 1601 |
| References | 1601 |
| Ependymoma-von-Hoff-neurocog-outcome-IGR-20-06-2009 | 1603 |
| Abstract | 1603 |
| Background | 1603 |
| Methods | 1603 |
| Results | 1603 |
| Conclusion | 1603 |
| Background | 1603 |
| Methods | 1604 |
| Patients | 1604 |
| Radiotherapy | 1604 |
| Neuropsychologic evaluation | 1605 |
| Statistical Analysis | 1605 |
| Results | 1605 |
| Profile of neuropsychological evaluation | 1606 |
| Risk factor analysis (see table | 1606 |
| Age | 1606 |
| Interval since RT and FSIQ | 1606 |
| Cerebellar syndrome and other influencing factors | 1607 |
| Schooling | 1608 |
| Endocrine deficits | 1608 |
| Discussion | 1608 |
| Conclusion | 1609 |
| Competing interests | 1609 |
| Authors' contributions | 1609 |
| References | 1610 |
| Pre-publication history | 1611 |
| Ependymom-Subtyping-review-27-10-2017 | 1612 |
| late effects | 1613 |
| Late-effects-Camara-Costa-PNET-4-neurocog-03-08-2016 | 1613 |
| Neuropsychological Outcome of Children Treated for Standard Risk Medulloblastoma in the PNET4 European Randomized Controlle ... | 1621 |
| Introduction | 1614 |
| Methods and Materials | 1615 |
| Patients | 1615 |
| Procedure | 1615 |
| Measurements | 1615 |
| Statistical analysis | 1615 |
| Results | 1615 |
| Group comparisons between participants and nonparticipants | 1639 |
| Demographic and baseline characteristics for participants | 1441 |
| Cognitive outcomes at posttreatment evaluation for the whole group of participants | 1442 |
| Effects of treatment on cognitive outcomes | 1442 |
| Longitudinal analyses | 1442 |
| Discussion | 1445 |
| Conclusions | 1619 |
| References | 1619 |
| Late-effects-Kennedy-PNET-IV-QoS-2014-09-01-2014 | 1621 |
| Quality of Survival and Growth in Children and Young Adults in the PNET4 European Controlled Trial of Hyperfractionated Ver ... | 1621 |
| Introduction | 1622 |
| Methods and Materials | 1622 |
| Patients | 1615 |
| Procedure | 1622 |
| Outcome measures | 1623 |
| Statistical analysis | 1623 |
| Results | 1623 |
| Baseline characteristics | 1623 |
| Outcomes at posttreatment evaluation | 1623 |
| Effect of HFRT on executive function, behavior, health status, and HRQoL | 1623 |
| Effect of HFRT on growth | 1623 |
| Impact of demographic characteristics and clinical events | 1624 |
| Hormone and other therapies, ototoxicity, and adult social and employment outcomes | 1442 |
| Discussion | 1625 |
| References | 1628 |
| Late-effects-Merchant-endocrinol-deficits-3-d-conf-JCO-2011-03-12-2013 | 1630 |
| Late-effects-Merchant-IQ modeling-medulloblastoma-2014-08-10-2014 | 1635 |
| Critical Combinations of Radiation Dose and Volume Predict Intelligence Quotient and Academic Achievement Scores After Cran ... | 1635 |
| Introduction | 1636 |
| Methods and Materials | 1636 |
| Results | 1637 |
| Longitudinal trends in cognitive scores | 1637 |
| Impact of clinical variables on longitudinal trends in cognitive scores | 1637 |
| Impact of mean radiation dose on longitudinal trends in cognitive scores | 1615 |
| TD 50/5 for below-average IQ and academic achievement according to mean normal tissue dose | 1639 |
| Impact of radiation dose intervals on longitudinal trends in cognitive scores | 1639 |
| TD 50/5 for below-average IQ and academic achievement according to radiation dose intervals | 1639 |
| Discussion | 1640 |
| References | 1642 |
| Late-effects-Merchant-IQ-cerebellum-dose-2014-08-10-2014 | 1643 |
| Effect of Cerebellum Radiation Dosimetry on Cognitive Outcomes in Children With Infratentorial Ependymoma | 1643 |
| Introduction | 1622 |
| Methods and Materials | 1644 |
| Patients | 1644 |
| Radiation treatment planning, cerebellar contouring, and radiation dose | 1644 |
| Surgery and chemotherapy | 1645 |
| Cognitive outcomes intelligence quotient, academic tests, and visual-auditory learning scores | 1645 |
| Statistical analysis | 1645 |
| Results | 1645 |
| Effect of cerebellar dosimetry on longitudinal IQ scores | 1646 |
| Effect of cerebellar dosimetry on longitudinal WIAT reading, math, and spelling scores | 1646 |
| Effect of tumor volume, surgery, and RT parameters | 1646 |
| Discussion | 1647 |
| Conclusions | 1648 |
| References | 1648 |
| Late-effects-Moxon-Emre-Bouffet-Laperriere-JCO-2014-16-02-2015 | 1650 |
| Late-effects-Netson-ependymoma-functioning-st-Jude-28-05-2013 | 1660 |
| A 5-Year Investigation of Children’s Adaptive Functioning Following Conformal Radiation Therapy for Localized Ependymoma | 1660 |
| Introduction | 1661 |
| Methods and Materials | 1661 |
| Participants | 1661 |
| Medical treatment and clinical factors | 1662 |
| Neurocognitive assessment | 1662 |
| Analyses | 1663 |
| Results | 1663 |
| Discussion | 1664 |
| Conclusions | 1665 |
| References | 1666 |
| Supplementary Material | 1667 |
| Late-effects-Packer-survival-secondary-tumours-COG-A9961-31-03-2014 | 1668 |
| Late-effects-Palmer-Medulloblastoma-neurocog-St-Jude-JCO-2013-16-01-2014 | 1675 |
| Late-effects-Redmond-hippocampus-dose-neurocog-march-2013-25-08-2014 | 1685 |
| Late-effects-Ris-intellectual.outcome-2-diff-chx-COG-A9961-2013-31-03-2014 | 1695 |
| Late-effects-Uh-Merchant-2013 Differences in brainstem areas to RT-01-02-2016 | 1703 |
| Differences in Brainstem Fiber Tract Response to Radiation: A Longitudinal Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study | 1660 |
| Introduction | 1703 |
| Methods and Materials | 1704 |
| Participants | 1704 |
| Treatment | 1704 |
| MRI data acquisition | 1704 |
| Image processing | 1615 |
| Volumes of interest | 1705 |
| Statistical analysis | 1705 |
| Results | 1705 |
| Discussion | 1707 |
| References | 1708 |